What is the main function of ribosomes?

Ribosomes play a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis, which is necessary for cellular function and metabolism. They are the molecular machines that facilitate the translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains, ultimately forming proteins. This process occurs in two main stages: initiation, where ribosomes assemble around the mRNA, and elongation, where amino acids are linked together in a specific sequence dictated by the mRNA.

Ribosomes can be found freely floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (making it rough ER), and undergo this protein synthesis irrespective of the external conditions, showcasing their fundamental role in maintaining life by producing proteins that are essential for cellular structure, enzymes, signaling, and more.

The other functions listed, such as lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, or detoxification, are carried out by other organelles or systems within the cell and do not involve ribosomes directly. Therefore, protein synthesis is the primary and defining function of ribosomes.